Information transmission techniques
The information transmission techniques include unicast, broadcast, and multicast.
Unicast
In unicast transmission, the information source must send a separate copy of information to each host that needs the information.
Figure 1: Unicast transmission
In Figure 1, Host B, Host D, and Host E need the information. A separate transmission channel must be established from the information source to each of these hosts.
In unicast transmission, the traffic transmitted over the network is proportional to the number of hosts that need the information. If a large number of hosts need the information, the information source must send a separate copy of the same information to each of these hosts. Sending many copies can place a tremendous pressure on the information source and the network bandwidth.
Unicast is not suitable for batch transmission of information.
Broadcast
In broadcast transmission, the information source sends information to all hosts on the subnet, even if some hosts do not need the information.
Figure 2: Broadcast transmission
In Figure 2, only Host B, Host D, and Host E need the information. If the information is broadcast to the subnet, Host A and Host C also receive it. In addition to information security issues, broadcasting to hosts that do not need the information also causes traffic flooding on the same subnet.
Broadcast is disadvantageous in transmitting data to specific hosts. Moreover, broadcast transmission is a significant waste of network resources.
Multicast
Multicast provides point-to-multipoint data transmissions with the minimum network consumption. When some hosts on the network need multicast information, the information sender, or multicast source, sends only one copy of the information. Multicast distribution trees are built through multicast routing protocols, and the packets are replicated only on nodes where the trees branch.
Figure 3: Multicast transmission
In Figure 3, the multicast source sends only one copy of the information to a multicast group. Host B, Host D, and Host E, which are information receivers, must join the multicast group. The routers on the network duplicate and forward the information based on the distribution of the group members. Finally, the information is correctly delivered to Host B, Host D, and Host E.
To summarize, multicast has the following advantages:
Advantages over unicast—Multicast data is replicated and distributed until it flows to the farthest-possible node from the source. The increase of receiver hosts will not remarkably increase the load of the source or the usage of network resources.
Advantages over broadcast—Multicast data is sent only to the receivers that need it. This saves network bandwidth and enhances network security. In addition, multicast data is not confined to the same subnet.